Every morning, Indigenous men at the Waseskun Healing Centre north of Montreal gather for a healing circle, where they smudge, share stories and sometimes gain spiritual guidance from elders.

The centre is the equivalent of a minimum-security prison but here, the men are called residents, rather than inmates, prisoners or offenders.

At the end of a healing circle on an early-spring morning, elder Gr茅goire Canap茅 shares a teaching.

害羞草研究所淭here害羞草研究所檚 this idea of bad apples, of taking the rotten one and throwing it out to save the others. But at the heart of that apple, there害羞草研究所檚 a seed,害羞草研究所� Gr茅goire says.

害羞草研究所淚f we find the seed and plant it, if we take the rot and turn it into fertilizer 害羞草研究所� nurture the sapling 害羞草研究所� we get a tree.害羞草研究所�

Gr茅goire害羞草研究所檚 analogy speaks to a central tenet of healing lodges like Waseskun. It isn害羞草研究所檛 a facility to punish or stow away. It害羞草研究所檚 a place where residents can take the time to heal from traumas and come to terms with the crimes that landed them in custody. Gr茅goire and his brother, Michael Canap茅, visit residents every month to guide them on their healing journeys.

Waseskun is among 10 healing centres across the country that are funded by Correctional Service Canada and reserved for Indigenous offenders serving time in federal custody. The lodge, one of the oldest in Canada, sits amid the tall pines and rocky land of Saint-Alphonse-Rodriguez, 100 kilometres north of Montreal.

It is the only federally funded healing centre east of Manitoba and is one of six in the country that is Indigenous-run. Waseskun, which has been singled out by Public Safety Canada as a success story, serves only men and has 22 spots reserved for those who were sentenced to terms of more than two years.

However, Indigenous-managed lodges are chronically underfunded, despite being widely identified as a path forward in the relentless quest to reduce Indigenous incarceration rates, said Ivan Zinger, Canada害羞草研究所檚 prison ombudsman.

And the numbers continue to spike, 25 years after a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision found the over-incarceration of Indigenous offenders amounted to a full-scale crisis in Canada害羞草研究所檚 justice system.

The ruling on April 23, 1999, in the case of a young Cree woman named Jamie Gladue upheld a Criminal Code provision that instructed judges to pay 害羞草研究所減articular attention to the circumstances害羞草研究所� of Indigenous offenders and to find alternatives to prison and jail 害羞草研究所渨hen it is reasonable to do so.害羞草研究所�

Over-incarceration of Indigenous people, however, is steadily becoming 害羞草研究所渨orse and worse and worse,害羞草研究所� Zinger said in an interview.

They comprise 32 per cent of the incarcerated population but only five per cent of the overall adult population. The rising rates are particularly acute for Indigenous women, who now account for half of the female population in federal prisons, which Zinger described as a 害羞草研究所渟ad milestone.害羞草研究所�

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At the time of the Gladue decision, Indigenous offenders made up 17 per cent of the prison population, the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics says.

Zinger said there害羞草研究所檚 an urgent need for more and better-funded Indigenous-led healing centres to provide alternatives to conventional prisons. Almost three decades after the creation of the first healing lodge in Canada, there are only 139 beds across the six community-run healing lodges in Canada. Lodges run by the CSC provide another 250 beds.

害羞草研究所淭here is a real problem in terms of the approach taken and it害羞草研究所檚 not one we find is respectful to the principles of reconciliation, self-government and self-determination,害羞草研究所� Zinger said.

Some Waseskun residents say the biggest difference between the centre and other institutions is being in a community with other Indigenous people. In CSC prisons, offenders often receive some psychological aid, but culturally informed support is limited.

害羞草研究所淚 get a non-Indigenous person telling me how I害羞草研究所檓 supposed to feel as an Indigenous person,害羞草研究所� said Steven, a Mi害羞草研究所檏maq resident at Wasekun who, like others, spoke on condition he only be identified by his first name.

害羞草研究所淒o you not see the irony in that? You have not walked in my steps. You don害羞草研究所檛 know my people. You don害羞草研究所檛 know what we害羞草研究所檝e gone through.害羞草研究所�

CSC offers Indigenous prisoners an elder-led healing program called Pathways. But Stan Cudek, executive director and founder of Waseskun, says the unsafe environment in prisons can prevent people from opening up.

害羞草研究所淗ere, these guys disclose what they害羞草研究所檙e in for based on, sometimes, their whole life history. You can害羞草研究所檛 do that in prison 害羞草研究所� you might get killed,害羞草研究所� Cudek said.

害羞草研究所淭hese guys come here and they realize after a little while that it害羞草研究所檚 safe here, that nobody害羞草研究所檚 going to beat them up.害羞草研究所�

Larry, an Ojibwe resident, said he suffered new traumas when incarcerated at Stony Mountain Institution, a Manitoba federal prison notorious for violence. There, he faced protective isolation and threats from other inmates. At Waseskun, he害羞草研究所檚 been able to engage in the healing process.

害羞草研究所淚害羞草研究所檓 allowing myself to be open and letting my guard down and being vulnerable,害羞草研究所� Larry said.

At Waseskun, residents are permitted to wear their own clothes, rather than prison-issue uniforms.

害羞草研究所淢y whole life I害羞草研究所檝e had ill-fitted clothes,害羞草研究所� said Steven, pointing to his camouflage hoodie with a cutout of an elk.

害羞草研究所淚f I want to buy my own clothes, I害羞草研究所檓 going to buy my own clothes. Because that害羞草研究所檚 where self esteem starts.害羞草研究所�

In federal prisons, Indigenous offenders 害羞草研究所渄o excessively poorly,害羞草研究所� Zinger said. Authorities often assign Indigenous inmates to higher security levels and isolate them, he added.

Indigenous prisoners have higher rates of suicide attempts and self-harm, are more likely to serve longer proportions of their sentences and more likely to reoffend after release, Zinger said.

Data is limited on outcomes for healing-lodge residents following their release. A 2016 report from Canada害羞草研究所檚 auditor general found that 78 per cent of Indigenous offenders completed required supervision to reintegrate into society after leaving lodges, compared to 63 per cent of those released from minimum-security facilities.

Despite repeated calls for more healing lodges and allowing communities to run them, a report Zinger released late last year found there were only 53 more beds in community-run healing lodges than there had been a decade earlier.

Furthermore, there are still no healing lodges in the North or in Ontario and Atlantic Canada.

The lodges operate at an average of 51 per cent capacity, Zinger said, because too few people are being transferred to them.

Zinger害羞草研究所檚 report also found funding disparities between community-run healing lodges and those managed by CSC. He found Indigenous-run lodges receive 62 cents for every dollar provided to their CSC counterparts.

Correctional Services spokesperson Chris MacMillan said in a written statement that CSC-run

Lodges run by Correctional Services often require more funds because some residents have higher security needs, spokesperson Chris MacMillan said in a statement. They also have to cover health care expenses, unlike some Indigenous-run lodges, he added.

Zinger, however, said he fears the basis for the disparity runs deeper.

害羞草研究所淚 think, for me, it害羞草研究所檚 discrimination,害羞草研究所� he said. 害羞草研究所淭hey have to divest their control and authority to those healing lodges run by Indigenous communities.害羞草研究所�

害羞草研究所� Ally Lemieux Fanset, Jack Wilson and Faith Greco are journalism students at Carleton University.

Ally Lemieux Fanset, Jack Wilson and Faith Greco, The Canadian Press