Phil Fontaine has had a year to reflect since he heard an apology from the head of the Roman Catholic Church, something the former Assembly of First Nations national chief fought much of his life to have delivered on Canadian soil.
害羞草研究所淲ithout an apology, it would be impossible to forgive,害羞草研究所� Fontaine says after taking a few moments to contemplate the historic moment.
害羞草研究所淎nd without forgiveness, there can害羞草研究所檛 be any true healing.害羞草研究所�
This week marks a year since Pope Francis arrived in Canada. He delivered his first apology in Maskwacis, a Cree community south of Edmonton, in front of thousands of survivors, leaders and community members.
Pope Francis said he was sorry for the Roman Catholic Church害羞草研究所檚 role in the cultural destruction and forced assimilation of Indigenous people, which culminated in residential schools.
The pontiff would deliver further apologies as he made stops in Alberta, Quebec and Nunavut during the six-day tour. On his flight back to Rome, in response to a journalist害羞草研究所檚 question, Francis said the abuses Indigenous Peoples faced amounted to genocide.
The apologies met a mixed response. Many Indigenous people said it was necessary, especially for residential school survivors, because it meant the head of the Catholic Church was finally recognizing harms were committed.
Some criticized Francis for not going far enough. Others thought Indigenous Peoples and organizations should disengage with the church altogether because they害羞草研究所檇 expended enough energy on it. Many called for actions, not words.
For Fontaine, the apology was extremely important.
The abuse inside the schools was long kept quiet nationally, but Fontaine broke the silence in 1990 when he spoke about his own experiences at the Fort Alexander Residential School in Manitoba.
An estimated 150,000 Indigenous children were forced to attend residential schools. More than 60 per cent of the schools were run by the Catholic Church.
Fontaine went to the Vatican in 2009 to meet Benedict, who was then the pontiff, and requested an apology. Benedict didn害羞草研究所檛 oblige.
Fontaine once again travelled to the Vatican with an Indigenous delegation last year. This time, Pope Francis delivered his first apology and committed to bring his atonement to Canada.
The apology may not have been accepted by everyone, but Francis害羞草研究所檚 plea for forgiveness is just part of the journey the church must take, Fontaine says.
害羞草研究所淲e received the apology each in our own way as individuals,害羞草研究所� Fontaine says. 害羞草研究所淎nd we decide as individuals whether we want to forgive.害羞草研究所�
Donald Bolen, the Archbishop of Regina, described the papal visit and apology as 害羞草研究所渓ife giving.害羞草研究所� But when Pope Francis left, Bolen says, it became even more important for the church to take action.
害羞草研究所淭he real work of reconciliation happens day by day on the ground,害羞草研究所� he says. 害羞草研究所淲e are on a long journey of reconciliation.害羞草研究所�
Pope Francis asked Canadian Catholics to commit to four things: to ensure history is told in a truthful way; to support Indigenous language, culture and traditions; to be an ally in the pursuit of justice; and to appreciate Indigenous wisdom to care for the land and environment.
害羞草研究所淚t害羞草研究所檚 easier to say it than to do it,害羞草研究所� Bolen says.
Bolen reflected on what the church accomplished in the last 12 months. Many dioceses, including his own, have been working on providing access to archives. There has been financial support for culture camps and a national fundraising campaign by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Earlier this year, the Vatican formally denounced the 15th-century papal bulls used as the basis for the Doctrine of Discovery, which legitimized the seizure of Indigenous land.
Bolen says the hard daily task for churches on a local level will be building relationships with Indigenous people, listening deeply and learning to walk together to improve society.
But Bolen recognizes not every non-Indigenous Catholic has committed to reconciliation in the same way. Shifts in society happen over a long time, he says.
害羞草研究所淧eople are at various places on the journey.害羞草研究所�
Paul Gareau, an associate dean in Native Studies at the University of Alberta, says he feels 害羞草研究所渟lightly confused and maybe a little hopeful害羞草研究所� a year after the apology.
Gareau, who is M茅tis and from the Batoche Homeland in Saskatchewan, says he felt 害羞草研究所済obsmacked害羞草研究所� watching Francis participating in the Lac Ste. Anne pilgrimage wearing a red M茅tis sash around his neck.
In the historic relationship between Catholics and Indigenous people, Gareau says the church has acted 害羞草研究所渓ike bad relatives,害羞草研究所� making betrayals even more devastating.
害羞草研究所淭he church has to take a reflection on how to be a good relative,害羞草研究所� he says.
Francis said in his apology that the largest evil is indifference, so now it is up to the Catholic institution to work on dismantling 400 years of a colonial mindset toward Indigenous Peoples, Gareau says.
Gareau pointed to Vatican II, which significantly modernized church practices to meet cultural shifts in the early 1960s. Not everyone immediately embraced the structural changes, but it eventually revolutionized the church.
Francis has steered the ship in a direction toward reconciliation, Gareau says. But the church must now recognize Indigenous sovereignty, and that means engaging in diplomatic relations and returning land.
It also means changing the hearts and mind of Catholics and dismantling anti-Indigenous structural racism 害羞草研究所� work that cannot and should not rely on Indigenous people.
害羞草研究所淭here害羞草研究所檚 so much at stake.害羞草研究所�
The Indian Residential Schools Resolution Health Support Program has a hotline to help residential school survivors and their relatives suffering from trauma invoked by the recall of past abuse. The number is 1-866-925-4419.
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