Joe Biden害羞草研究所檚 arrival in the White House nearly a year ago seemed to herald and possibly a shrinking of their numbers. Even an American 害羞草研究所渘o first use害羞草研究所� pledge 害羞草研究所� a promise to never again be the first to use a nuclear weapon 害羞草研究所� seemed possible.

Then China happened 害羞草研究所� revelations about its and

And then Russia happened 害羞草研究所�

Now, major shifts in U.S. nuclear weapons policy seem much less likely, and while Biden may insist on certain adjustments, momentum toward a historic departure from the appears to have stalled.

The outlook will be clearer when the Biden administration completes its so-called nuclear posture review 害羞草研究所� an internal relook at the numbers, kinds and purposes of weapons in the nuclear arsenal, as well as the policies that govern their potential use. The results could be made public as early as January.

The biggest unknown is how forcefully Biden will weigh in on these questions, based on White House calculations of the political risk. During his years as vice president, Biden talked of new directions in nuclear policy. But heightened concerns about China and Russia would seem to improve the political leverage of Republicans seeking to portray such change as a gift to nuclear adversaries.

Russia became a more urgent focus of Biden害羞草研究所檚 attention after President Vladimir Putin in recent weeks sent an estimated 100,000 troops to positions near Ukraine害羞草研究所檚 border and demanded U.S. security guarantees. and senior American and Russian officials are scheduled to follow up with more detailed talks in Geneva on Jan. 9-10.

Tom Z. Collina, policy director at Ploughshares Fund, an advocate for nuclear disarmament, says the China and Russia problems complicate the politics of Biden害羞草研究所檚 nuclear review but should not stop him from acting to reduce nuclear dangers.

害羞草研究所淲e do not want a new nuclear arms race with either nation and the only way to prevent that is with diplomacy,害羞草研究所� Collina said. 害羞草研究所淲e must remember the main lesson we learned in the Cold War with Russia 害羞草研究所� the only way to win an arms race is not to run.害羞草研究所�

In March, in what the White House called , Biden said China and Russia had changed 害羞草研究所渢he distribution of power across the world.害羞草研究所�

害羞草研究所淏oth Beijing and Moscow have invested heavily in efforts meant to check U.S. strengths and prevent us from defending our interests and allies around the world,害羞草研究所� the guidance said. Biden pledged to counter with actions to strength the United States at home, repair its alliances abroad and elevate the role of diplomacy. Nuclear weapons were mentioned only briefly.

害羞草研究所淲e will take steps to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy,害羞草研究所� the guidance said without offering details, while also ensuring a safe and reliable U.S. nuclear force and seeking arms control opportunities.

Since then, worries about , and in November a Pentagon report said China may quadruple the size of its nuclear stockpile by 2030.

害羞草研究所淏ecause of what China has done, it has really changed the complexion of this review,害羞草研究所� says Robert Soofer, who was the Pentagon害羞草研究所檚 top nuclear policy official during the Trump administration and led a 2018 nuclear review.

害羞草研究所淩ather than it being a review that examines reducing the role of nuclear weapons and even eliminating a leg of the triad, now they害羞草研究所檝e been obliged to basically stay the course and determine how to tweak it at the margins.害羞草研究所�

In June, even before the latest Russian troop buildup near Ukraine, the Pentagon害羞草研究所檚 policy chief, Colin Kahl, said the outlook for U.S. nuclear policy was colored not only by China害羞草研究所檚 nuclear ambitions but also by

害羞草研究所淎nd so, obviously Russia is the wolf closest to the shed as it relates to the nuclear issue, but close behind is China害羞草研究所檚 desire to grow their nuclear arsenal, both quantitatively and qualitatively,害羞草研究所� Kahl said June 23 at a nuclear policy conference sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Kahl did not preview the policy review outcome, but he said it is intended to fit inside a broader defense strategy, which also is to be published early in 2022.

The Pentagon has not publicly discussed details of the nuclear review, but the administration seems likely to keep the existing contours of the nuclear force 害羞草研究所� the traditional 害羞草研究所渢riad害羞草研究所� of sea-, air- and land-based weapons, which critics call overkill. It also may embrace a $1 trillion-plus modernization of that force, which was launched by the Obama administration and continued by Trump.

It害羞草研究所檚 unclear whether Biden will approve any significant change in what is called 害羞草研究所渄eclaratory policy,害羞草研究所� which states the purpose of nuclear weapons and the circumstances under which they might be used.

The Obama administration, with Biden as vice president, stated in 2010 that it would It did not define 害羞草研究所渆xtreme circumstances.害羞草研究所�

Eight years later, the 害羞草研究所淓xtreme circumstances could include significant non-nuclear strategic attacks. Significant non-nuclear strategic attacks include, but are not limited to, attacks on the U.S., allied, or partner civilian population or infrastructure, and attacks on U.S. or allied nuclear forces, their command and control, or warning and attack assessment capabilities.害羞草研究所�

Some believed that Biden as president would go a different direction, following his own advice on a 害羞草研究所渘o first use害羞草研究所� pledge. 害羞草研究所淕iven our non-nuclear capabilities and the nature of today害羞草研究所檚 threats, it害羞草研究所檚 hard to envision a plausible scenario in which the first use of nuclear weapons by the United States would be necessary, or make sense.害羞草研究所�

But some argue that China and Russia this year have changed 害羞草研究所渢oday害羞草研究所檚 threats,害羞草研究所� perhaps keeping Biden on a cautious path.

害羞草研究所擱obert Burns, The Associated Press

RELATED: Biden vows US to act decisively if Russia invades Ukraine