This is the third story in a five-part series on the issues surrounding Kinder Morgan害羞草研究所檚 proposed expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, investigating the history, science, Indigenous reaction, politics and economics of the controversial project. Read and part two.

Jason Victor is an electrical contractor based in the green hills of the Fraser Valley. Entering his 40s, he is the father of young children. Victor is familiar with the struggle of making ends meet and not shy about his desire to create a better life for himself and his family. When he looks at the Trans Mountain pipeline project, he sees opportunity.

Joe Martin lives on the rugged west coast of Vancouver Island. An artist and a boat-builder, he and his large extended family have roots around Tofino that stretch well beyond his 65 years. The natural beauty of his home is more than a place to Martin 害羞草研究所� it is central to who he is. And when he looks at the Trans Mountain pipeline project, he sees risk. Two British Columbians; two completely different, yet understandable points of view.

Their contrasting outlooks demonstrate that First Nations people are no more united about the pipeline than people of any other race or cultural heritage.

Environmental safety, economic well-being and political necessity are the three most prominent battlegrounds upon which the Trans-Mountain pipeline debate is staged.

The 害羞草研究所淔irst Nations question害羞草研究所� overshadows all three 害羞草研究所� a wild card based on the constitution and the authority a series of court cases have confirmed for B.C.害羞草研究所檚 Indigenous people. It doesn害羞草研究所檛 give First Nations the power to veto the pipeline 害羞草研究所� or any other similar project 害羞草研究所� but it does insist they are properly and thoroughly consulted, and that their opinions are taken into account.

害羞草研究所淭he common law duty to consult doesn害羞草研究所檛 use the word veto, it uses the word consent,害羞草研究所� said Merle Alexander, a partner with the B.C. firm Miller Titerle. 害羞草研究所淭he main issue is 害羞草研究所榳as the appropriate level of consultation fulfilled?害羞草研究所櫤π卟菅芯克鶟

Alexander is a specialist in Indigenous resource law. He害羞草研究所檚 worked on behalf of bands that have negotiated agreements with Kinder Morgan and on behalf of First Nations involved in a judicial review before the federal court of appeal aimed at stopping the pipeline.

Aboriginal title, justifiable infringement on that title, adequate consultation and consent are all concepts recognized by the courts, but each continues to be more clearly defined through repeated court challenges.

Chiefs and leaders argue in favour

The sensitivity of Aboriginal rights and the lack of clarity in the law explains the considerable effort Kinder Morgan has put into discussing the project with First Nations people, no matter how far away they may be from the pipeline and tanker routes.

The company reports that after years of talks, it has signed 33 Mutual Benefit Agreements with B.C. Aboriginal groups and another 10 in Alberta. It says these deals are expected to provide in excess of $400 million to those groups.

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害羞草研究所淲e have support from First Nations communities whose reserve lands we intend to cross,害羞草研究所� reads a statement on the company害羞草研究所檚 website. 害羞草研究所淭rans Mountain is working to identify Aboriginal, regional and local capacity, and our primary objective is to maximize economic opportunities that will arise from the project.害羞草研究所�

Calling those agreements confidential, Kinder Morgan has declined to discuss details publicly. However, some bands have been comfortable sharing.

害羞草研究所淎fter seeing what害羞草研究所檚 out there in the media, council decided that it害羞草研究所檚 important we speak out,害羞草研究所� said Nathan Matthew in a late-April media release.

Matthew is the chief of the Simpcw First Nation, based in Chu Chua, about 70 kilometres north of Kamloops. Simpcw traditional territory ranges all the way into Jasper, Alta. About one-third of the pipeline runs through land to which it holds Aboriginal title.

Matthew said two years of diligent negotiation and environmental review went into their Mutual Benefit Agreement. He believes it protects the land and the people. It was ratified in a referendum that saw 78 per cent of voters in favour.

害羞草研究所淚f the project does not go ahead, we will lose out on opportunities that we have been working hard at obtaining in the last year or so,害羞草研究所� said Don Matthew, a Simpcw councillor. 害羞草研究所淲e have dedicated time and resources towards this project and there would be a negative impact if this project were to go away.害羞草研究所�

The to speak out in favour of the project in recent weeks in an admitted attempt to combat public perception that First Nations are generally opposed.

Prominent among them is Ernie Crey, outspoken chief of the Cheam band, based near Chilliwack.

Crey has been vocal in the media and on Twitter, interests to further its own agenda.

Ernie Crey was elected as Cheam First Nation害羞草研究所檚 new Chief last Thursday in the band害羞草研究所檚 all-day election. (Black Press Media)

害羞草研究所淢y advice to First Nations is be watchful of environmental groups who want to 害羞草研究所渞ed wash害羞草研究所� their agendas under an Indigenous flag. Trust me, their goals and aspirations are far different than ours. Check out where they害羞草研究所檝e trashed Indigenous economies to meet their ends,害羞草研究所� he tweeted April 13.

He followed that up with this April 29 tweet: 害羞草研究所淎ccording to them, the red man should only be allowed to make a living with the stamp of approval from 害羞草研究所榞reen people.害羞草研究所� 害羞草研究所�

Chiefs and leaders opposed

Crey害羞草研究所檚 stridency is matched by the other side.

The Union of BC Indian Chiefs is a coalition dedicated to protection and implementation of Aboriginal rights and title. Its president, Grand Chief Stewart Phillip has called the pipeline a 害羞草研究所渢icking, highly toxic time bomb.害羞草研究所�

UBCIC leadership was on the front lines at the protests and blockades that preceded Kinder Morgan害羞草研究所檚 April 8 announcement of a May 31 deadline for bringing the province of British Columbia on board with the project.

害羞草研究所淲hen people unite and work together to protect Indigenous title and rights and the environment, and to stop climate change, we can win,害羞草研究所� Phillip said. 害羞草研究所淭he proposed Trans Mountain Expansion project is coming to a screeching stop and we will be there until the end. This ill-conceived dirty oil pipeline will never be built.害羞草研究所�

Environmental concerns sit at the heart of the pipeline resistance movement 害羞草研究所� a desire to move away from the 害羞草研究所渄irty害羞草研究所� energy of oil and toward cleaner sources, while focusing on the preservation and restoration of natural eco-systems.

Opponents aren害羞草研究所檛 just concerned with the spill risk, they害羞草研究所檙e concerned about what expanded fossil fuel use represents. The Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, whose traditional territory is home to the pipeline害羞草研究所檚 Burrard Inlet port and terminus, has been among the project害羞草研究所檚 most united and vocal opponents. It has launched the Sacred Trust Initiative, dedicated to stopping it.

Central to its concerns is the protection of water 害羞草研究所� both along the coast and along the pipeline route inland 害羞草研究所� and the eco-systems it supports. Based on its own research (challenged by the oil industry), it questions the economic benefits of the pipeline, worries about the risks associated with increased tanker traffic and believes there is about a one-in-three chance of a significant spill over the next 50 years.

Rueben George, Project Manager for the Tsleil-Waututh Nation Sacred Trust Initiative, speaks as First Nations and environmental groups speak about a federal court hearing about the KinderMorgan Trans Mountain pipeline expansion, during a news conference in Vancouver on October 2, 2017.(Darryl Dyck/The Canadian Press)

Chief Maureen Thomas spelled out her people害羞草研究所檚 position in a Feb. 6 statement.

害羞草研究所淥ur assessment report, grounded in TWN law and backed by research from leading experts has confirmed that these risks are unacceptable. Based on the undeniable jeopardy we would be placing our inlet, the people and creatures of the inlet, the surrounding communities, as well as, in fact, the global community, TWN has denied its free, prior and informed consent.

害羞草研究所淭sleil-Waututh Nation are the People of the Inlet and it is our sacred obligation to protect the water. In our varied opposition to Kinder Morgan, we are many people paddling different canoes in the same direction,害羞草研究所� Thomas continued. 害羞草研究所淚 look forward to a day, in the not too distant future, when we can all more actively collaborate on the restoration of local ecosystems and on new economic opportunities. We do not need the risks.害羞草研究所�

Chiefs and leaders argue in court

The Tsleil-Waututh (North Vancouver), Squamish, Coldwater (Merritt), portions of the Sto:lo (Fraser Valley), Upper Nicola (Merritt), and Stk害羞草研究所檈mlupsemc Te Secwepemc (Kamloops) First Nations are part of the court challenge claiming the National Energy Board process that led to the pipeline害羞草研究所檚 approval in November of 2016 was flawed and did not adequately consult First Nations.

害羞草研究所淭he Crown failed to meaningfully consult in relation to title, governance rights and use rights,害羞草研究所� Upper Nicola Band counsel Elin Sigurdson said to open the federal court of appeal hearing in October. 害羞草研究所淚nstead it dodged, deferred, delegated and in doing so, fundamentally undermined the relationship the process of consultation is meant to foster and improve.害羞草研究所�

According to Alexander, the court case should hinge on the degree of direct consultation required of the Crown.

He said Canada has argued that First Nation participation in the National Energy Board process and the deals made between Kinder Morgan and individual First Nations should qualify, along with a federal panel tour staged in the wake of the NEB decision. The plaintiffs have argued none of that constitutes direct nation-to-nation consultation that resulted in government-to-government agreement and that what meagre consultation took place may not have been in good faith.

Also at issue could be the fact none of the six bands that filed suit have established title on the land in question. The likelihood of them establishing that title in the future is also a factor as 害羞草研究所減rima facie害羞草研究所� title requires a higher degree of consent. Alexander expects each side to pursue the case to the highest court in order to get clarity, regardless of whether Kinder Morgan decides to pulls the plug on the pipeline.

害羞草研究所淣o matter what happens, someone is going to appeal it,害羞草研究所� he said. 害羞草研究所淵ou could see a dead project being debated in Supreme Court.害羞草研究所�

And that, he said, should be a good thing.

害羞草研究所淚t will change the laws on the way Crown consults First Nations on any project. In the long run, it should be positive if we listen to what the court says and change the way we are doing things.害羞草研究所�

A decision on the challenge has been considered imminent for months. Alexander now suspects a ruling won害羞草研究所檛 happen until after the May 31 deadline.

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In the meantime, the politicking in the court of public opinion continues. Originally part of the court appeal, the prominent Vancouver-based Musqueam pulled out of the suit in October, just prior to the hearing getting underway.

As the protests on Burnaby Mountain escalated, Musqueam Chief Wayne Sparrow released the following statement: 害羞草研究所淢usqueam agrees with the recent statement made by our relative, Sto:lo First Nation Chief Ernie Crey: 害羞草研究所楴ot all First Nations oppose the Kinder Morgan proposed pipeline.害羞草研究所� 害羞草研究所�

Sparrow said the vast majority of directly impacted First Nations have agreements with the company, adding his nation also believes negotiation is the proper path.

害羞草研究所淢usqueam knows the serious risks of increased oil transport via rail if the pipeline project is cancelled,害羞草研究所� he said. 害羞草研究所淲e are preparing a list of conditions and voicing our concerns. Musqueam maintains the right to speak on behalf of our territory and respects the views of other First Nations who are impacted by this proposal. We have chosen the path of negotiations through engaging with government.害羞草研究所�

However, others continue to resist, and maintain their position is not going to change. On May 9, a UBCIC delegation delivered its position to Kinder Morgan investors at a stockholders meeting. 害羞草研究所淜inder Morgan does not have the required consent of Indigenous Nations along the pipeline and tanker route, and it never will,害羞草研究所� said Chief Judy Wilson of the Chase-area Neskonlith band.

害羞草研究所淭he executives at Kinder Morgan have a responsibility to make these facts well known to its stockholders. We want you to know that we have the law on our side and we intend to enforce our rights. We are here to tell you that no matter what the Canadian government does to minimize political and financial risks, we will not stop fighting the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion because it threatens our culture, our spirituality and identity. This means further delay, risk and uncertainty for the project.害羞草研究所�

The split remains evident in the votes some bands have held to ratify potential agreements. The Ts害羞草研究所檈lxw茅yeqw Tribe voted no, by a 55 per cent margin. For the Lower Nicola Band, the answer was yes, by 59 per cent. Each vote was marked by poor turnout.

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Neither Martin nor Victor is involved as an active lobbyist. Like most of B.C.害羞草研究所檚 pipeline and tanker neighbours, their concerns manifest themselves primarily during conversations within their personal circles. They speak on behalf of no one but themselves.

Each acknowledges First Nations people carry the baggage of history with them into this debate. Some see their collective hardship and are eager to reach for something to change it. Some remember the causes of that hardship and are reluctant to trust.

A member of Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation, a respected elder, and lifelong resident of the Tofino area, Martin remembers the oil 害羞草研究所渂lobs the size of football fields害羞草研究所� in early January of 1989. That was when nearly 900,000 litres of bunker oil from the leaking barge Nestucca off Washington state began to wash up on 116 kilometres of exposed beaches along the West Coast. It led to an extensive clean-up, temporary shellfish and crab harvesting closures, at least one sea otter death and seabird deaths estimated in the thousands. For his community, any economic benefits from a pipeline are far away.

害羞草研究所淭ankers in the water is what concerns me,害羞草研究所� he said, adding that promises of better ships and better spill response ring hollow. 害羞草研究所淭hey are like anything else, like a brand-new vehicle. They say it害羞草研究所檚 the greatest thing since sliced bread and the next year there is a recall.害羞草研究所�

But for Victor, it is the risks that seem far away, and the benefits that are tangible. He belongs to the Cheam First Nation, one of those with a signed deal with Kinder Morgan. He see jobs in the short-term, but, more importantly, training, connections and seed money that can sustain his community and other communities long-term.

害羞草研究所淭here are 43 bands standing behind this. It害羞草研究所檚 not just my story; it害羞草研究所檚 not just my land. If this is a way to elevate them to a better life害羞草研究所�,害羞草研究所� he said. 害羞草研究所淭his is our land and our territory and we need to benefit from our resources.害羞草研究所�

He respects the environmental concerns but says they should 害羞草研究所� and have 害羞草研究所� lead to negotiated protections, rather than feeding non-negotiable lines drawn in the sand.

害羞草研究所淲hoever gets angry first loses. There害羞草研究所檚 always a resolution,害羞草研究所� he said. 害羞草研究所淭wenty per cent I am worried about the risks but the benefits outweigh that for me.害羞草研究所�

Martin, in turn, respects the economic argument, even if he doesn害羞草研究所檛 agree with it. He compares it to fish farming, another controversial economic driver with a more immediate economic benefit to his community.

害羞草研究所淭hat害羞草研究所檚 their decision. I can hardly blame my sisters and my nephews for working in a fish farm. That害羞草研究所檚 their paycheque.害羞草研究所�

But he considers himself a guardian of the land, and believes environmental protection trumps all. 害羞草研究所淚t害羞草研究所檚 about one of our most precious resources and that is water. It害羞草研究所檚 the first thing we have when we are born and the last thing we have when we die.

害羞草研究所淭he risk is not worth it.害羞草研究所�

害羞草研究所� with files from Black Press and Canadian Press