Two scientists won the in medicine on Monday for discoveries that enabled the creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 that were critical in slowing the pandemic 害羞草研究所� technology that害羞草研究所檚 also being studied to fight cancer and other diseases.

Hungarian-American Katalin Karik贸 and American Drew Weissman were cited for contributing 害羞草研究所渢o the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health,害羞草研究所� according to the panel that awarded the prize in Stockholm.

The panel said the pair害羞草研究所檚 害羞草研究所済roundbreaking findings 害羞草研究所� fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system.害羞草研究所�

WHAT IS THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR?

Traditionally, making vaccines required growing viruses or pieces of viruses and then purifying them before next steps. of genetic code carrying instructions for making proteins. Pick the right virus protein to target, and the body turns into a mini vaccine factory.

In early experiments with animals, simply injecting lab-grown mRNA triggered a reaction that usually destroyed it. Those early challenges caused many to lose faith in the approach: 害羞草研究所淧retty much everybody gave up on it,害羞草研究所� Weissman said.

But Karik贸, a professor at Szeged University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Weissman, of the University of Pennsylvania, figured out a tiny modification to the building blocks of RNA that made it stealthy enough to slip past immune defenses.

Karik贸, 68, is the 13th woman to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. She was a senior vice president at BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to make one of the COVID-19 vaccines. Karik贸 and Weissman, 64, met by chance in the 1990s while photocopying research papers, Karik贸 told The Associated Press.

WHY DO MRNA VACCINES MATTER?

Dr. Paul Hunter, a professor of medicine at Britain害羞草研究所檚 University of East Anglia, described the mRNA vaccines made by BioNTech-Pfizer and Moderna Inc. as a 害羞草研究所済ame changer害羞草研究所� in shutting down the coronavirus pandemic, crediting the shots with saving millions of lives.

害羞草研究所淲e would likely only now be coming out of the depths of COVID without the mRNA vaccines,害羞草研究所� Hunter said.

John Tregoning, of Imperial College London, called Karik贸 害羞草研究所渙ne of the most inspirational scientists I have met.害羞草研究所� Her work together with Weissman 害羞草研究所渟hows the importance of basic, fundamental research in the path to solutions to the most pressing societal needs,害羞草研究所� he said.

The duo害羞草研究所檚 pivotal mRNA research was combined with two other earlier scientific discoveries to create the COVID-19 vaccines. Researchers in Canada had developed a fatty coating to help mRNA get inside cells to do its work. And studies with prior vaccines at the U.S. National Institutes of Health showed how to stabilize the coronavirus spike protein that the new mRNA shots needed to deliver.

Dr. Bharat Pankhania, an infectious diseases expert at Exeter University, predicted the technology used in the vaccines could be used to refine vaccines for other diseases like Ebola, malaria and dengue, and might also be used to create shots that immunize people against certain types of cancer or auto-immune diseases including lupus.

HOW DID KATALIN KARIK脫 AND DREW WEISSMAN REACT?

害羞草研究所淭he future is just so incredible,害羞草研究所� Weissman said. 害羞草研究所淲e害羞草研究所檝e been thinking for years about everything that we could do with RNA, and now it害羞草研究所檚 here.害羞草研究所�

Karik贸 said her husband was the first to pick up the early morning call, handing it to her to hear the news. And Karik贸 was the one to break the news to Weissman, since she got in touch before the Nobel committee could reach him.

Both scientists thought it was a prank at first, until they watched the official announcement.

害羞草研究所淚 was very much surprised,害羞草研究所� Karik贸 said. 害羞草研究所淏ut I am very happy.害羞草研究所�

The two have collaborated for decades, with Karik贸 focusing on the RNA side and Weissman handling the immunology: 害羞草研究所淲e educated each other,害羞草研究所� she said.

Before COVID-19, mRNA vaccines were already being tested for diseases like Zika, influenza and rabies 害羞草研究所� but the pandemic brought more attention to this approach, Karik贸 said. Now, scientists are trying out mRNA approaches for cancer, allergies and other gene therapies, Weissman said.

害羞草研究所淚t害羞草研究所檚 already been going on for many years, but this has just given RNA the recognition,害羞草研究所� Weissman said.

Karik贸害羞草研究所檚 family is no stranger to high honors. Her daughter, Susan Francia, is a double Olympic gold medalist in rowing, competing for the United States.

The prize ($1 million) from a bequest left by the prize害羞草研究所檚 creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel害羞草研究所檚 death.

Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.

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This story has been updated to correct that Karik贸 is a professor at Szeged University, not Sagan害羞草研究所檚 University.

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Corder reported from The Hague, Netherlands. Burakoff reported from New York. Associated Press writers Maria Cheng in London and Lauran Neergaard in Washington contributed.

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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute害羞草研究所檚 Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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David Keyton, Mike Corder And Maddie Burakoff, The Associated Press